Question:

: : : I’ve taken classes in herbalism and have several highly regarded books on : : the subject.  The only concern I’ve seen in reference to the use of : : licorice is that, in high and frequent doses, it can elevate blood : : pressure.  So folks with high blood pressure should be careful and : : probably use it only under a practitioner’s care.  Most people would never : : have any adverse reaction to licorice. : : I see that you’re completely unaware of the deaths from cardiac : arrthymias due to potassium depletion. I suggest that your : herbalism instructor is not as well informed as he or she could be. :  See my previous post quoting references. : : Granted, it has to be a lot of licorice to do this, but it’s far : from unknown. : :            Camilla Cracchiolo THIS IS UTTERLY UNSUBSTANTIATED. There are no reported cases of acute licorice toxicity from whole licorice. The cases Tyler cites are from licorice EXTRACT candy. See my full-length post on the issue.

Response:

: From Rodale’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs: : : "The chief component of licorice, constituting 5 to 20 percent of the : plant, is a saponinlike glycoside called glycyrrhizin…" Chief here would seem to be meant to demean the remainder of the herbal. What is meant is ‘predominant.’ There are 14 pages dedicated to chemical listings (with structure) for licorice in my reference, including the first cis flavanonol found in nature (Folerogenin). : "In healthy people this licorice constituent can cause headache, : lethargy, water and salt retention, potassium secretion, raised blood : pressure, and even cardiac arrest…" This EXTRACTED CONSTITUENT (not the whole herbal) could cause these problems if consumed in large doses for a considerable while. The effect disappears entirely when the extract is discontinued. "Glycyrrhetic acid showed mineralocorticoid-like effects. The direct mineralocorticoid effect of Glycyrrhiza root is probably due to the affinity of glycyrrhetic acid for kidney aldosterone receptors. __The relative low affinity of glycyrrhetic acid for mineralocorticoid receptors is in good agreement with the high doses of Glycyrrhiza root required__ for the development of hypertension."* : "The cortisonelike component of glycyrrhizin : increases the retention of : salt and water in the body. This causes dangerous side effects, Which are immediately reversible. : including abnormal heart action and kidney failure, triggered by : potassium depletion. Which nonetheless hasn’t been reported in the literature for use of the whole herbal, just for the candy that contains the extract. : Licorice should be avoided by cardiac patients : and those who suffer from hypertension, kidney complaints or : obesity. Obesity? That is an additional caution that is not usually seen. In any case, any problem will be accompanied by edema, an obvious sign of something wrong. : Pregnant women, who are especially subject to edema, should : also avoid it. They should avoid excessive quantities of it, and should avoid extracts altogether. In moderate doses, licorice does NOT cause edema, even in pregnant women. The claim is absurd. : "In addition, some people are allergic to licorice, even in modest : quantities. Some people are allergic to almost anything. So what? : Cases of toxicity have been reported from less than a : gram of glycyrrhizin in chewing tobacco. A gram of extract is a lot. Tobacco is quite bitter. You aren’t going to get anywhere near this dose in tea (by at least two factors of ten). No reports for human toxicity from the whole herbal are to be found in the literature. : Licorice has caused : paralysis of the limbs, electrolyte imbalance, high blood pressure, : and shortness of breath."                              NOT TRUE!! Extract of glycerrhizin has caused this in people who have idiotically consumed huge amounts of licorice candy. The whole herbal has NEVER been reported to cause these problems, especially because licorice is only very rarely a major component of any herbal combination or formula. Licorice extract in fact is used to _treat_ asthma. If you can get yourself in trouble only by drinking 5 gallons of this Yogi Tea product at a sitting, I don’t suppose the manufacturer is much to blame. Do you? BASED ON THIS EVIDENCE, I would say it is a good bet the Rodale book is solidly in the Tyler tradition of trumping up dangers in order to create the illusion of being needed. (Btw, how are their references?) * Tang, Eisenbrand, _Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin_ (Springer-Verlag, 1992).  * Origin: Medical System Munich – meds

Response:

: From Rodale’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs: : : "The chief component of licorice, constituting 5 to 20 percent of the : plant, is a saponinlike glycoside called glycyrrhizin…" Chief here would seem to be meant to demean the remainder of the herbal. What is meant is ‘predominant.’ There are 14 pages dedicated to chemical listings (with structure) for licorice in my reference, including the first cis flavanonol found in nature (Folerogenin). : "In healthy people this licorice constituent can cause headache, : lethargy, water and salt retention, potassium secretion, raised blood : pressure, and even cardiac arrest…" This EXTRACTED CONSTITUENT (not the whole herbal) could cause these problems if consumed in large doses for a considerable while. The effect disappears entirely when the extract is discontinued. "Glycyrrhetic acid showed mineralocorticoid-like effects. The direct mineralocorticoid effect of Glycyrrhiza root is probably due to the affinity of glycyrrhetic acid for kidney aldosterone receptors. __The relative low affinity of glycyrrhetic acid for mineralocorticoid receptors is in good agreement with the high doses of Glycyrrhiza root required__ for the development of hypertension."* : "The cortisonelike component of glycyrrhizin : increases the retention of : salt and water in the body. This causes dangerous side effects, Which are immediately reversible. : including abnormal heart action and kidney failure, triggered by : potassium depletion. Which nonetheless hasn’t been reported in the literature for use of the whole herbal, just for the candy that contains the extract. : Licorice should be avoided by cardiac patients : and those who suffer from hypertension, kidney complaints or : obesity. Obesity? That is an additional caution that is not usually seen. In any case, any problem will be accompanied by edema, an obvious sign of something wrong. : Pregnant women, who are especially subject to edema, should : also avoid it. They should avoid excessive quantities of it, and should avoid extracts altogether. In moderate doses, licorice does NOT cause edema, even in pregnant women. The claim is absurd. : "In addition, some people are allergic to licorice, even in modest : quantities. Some people are allergic to almost anything. So what? : Cases of toxicity have been reported from less than a : gram of glycyrrhizin in chewing tobacco. A gram of extract is a lot. Tobacco is quite bitter. You aren’t going to get anywhere near this dose in tea (by at least two factors of ten). No reports for human toxicity from the whole herbal are to be found in the literature. : Licorice has caused : paralysis of the limbs, electrolyte imbalance, high blood pressure, : and shortness of breath."                              NOT TRUE!! Extract of glycerrhizin has caused this in people who have idiotically consumed huge amounts of licorice candy. The whole herbal has NEVER been reported to cause these problems, especially because licorice is only very rarely a major component of any herbal combination or formula. Licorice extract in fact is used to _treat_ asthma. If you can get yourself in trouble only by drinking 5 gallons of this Yogi Tea product at a sitting, I don’t suppose the manufacturer is much to blame. Do you? BASED ON THIS EVIDENCE, I would say it is a good bet the Rodale book is solidly in the Tyler tradition of trumping up dangers in order to create the illusion of being needed. (Btw, how are their references?) * Tang, Eisenbrand, _Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin_ (Springer-Verlag, 1992).

Response:

: : : I’ve taken classes in herbalism and have several highly regarded books on : : the subject.  The only concern I’ve seen in reference to the use of : : licorice is that, in high and frequent doses, it can elevate blood : : pressure.  So folks with high blood pressure should be careful and : : probably use it only under a practitioner’s care.  Most people would never : : have any adverse reaction to licorice. : : I see that you’re completely unaware of the deaths from cardiac : arrthymias due to potassium depletion. I suggest that your : herbalism instructor is not as well informed as he or she could be. :  See my previous post quoting references. : : Granted, it has to be a lot of licorice to do this, but it’s far : from unknown. : :            Camilla Cracchiolo THIS IS UTTERLY UNSUBSTANTIATED. There are no reported cases of acute licorice toxicity from whole licorice. The cases Tyler cites are from licorice EXTRACT candy. See my full-length post on the issue.  * Origin: Medical System Munich – meds

Response:

: I strongly recommend _The Honest Herbal_ by Varro Tyler to anyone : who is considering or using herbal medicines.  It is the one herb : book that I have every found that relies solely on scientific studies : instead of folklore *and* which provides references.   prepared) has not poisoned anyone." (quoted Let’s compare Tyler’s several stories of licorice ___EXTRACT___ candy poisoning (in candy junkies) with the reportage in "Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica" 2nd Ed., by Dan Bensky, the standard acupuncture school text. Giving just the topic headings, since I’m too lazy to type in three oversize columns of text, Bensky decribes studies on: Mineralocorticoid effect Glucocorticoid effect Treatment of Addison’s disease Treatment of diabetes insipidus Anti-inflammatory effect Treatment of chronic bronchial asthma Use as an adjunct in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis Anti-allergic effect Gastrointestinal effect Use in gastroenterology Effect on lipid metabolism Effect on jaundice Antineoplastic effect Treatment of paramyotonia congenita Detoxifying effect (which is substantial: licorice reduces toxicity of cocaine, for instance) These are a mixture of animal studies and clinical trials. They _are_ unreferenced, but that is understandable since the book is already 600 pages and $75. A more specific text, "Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica", vol. 1, by Chang, lists references for the same categories of investigation, and gives the LD100 of Gan cao (Chinese licorice) in mice as 3.6 g/kg. which is pretty damn high. Five paragraphs of other LD50 and mortality assessments of various fractions are then given, including those for guinea pigs and rabbits. Clinical studies listed include additional areas of hepatitis, eye inflammatory disease, frostbite, spasm of gastrocnemius, and purpura. Under Adverse Effect: "Large doses or long-term ingestion of a small dose of the herb produced the following reactions in 20% of the patients: edema, weak limbs, spastic numbness, dizziness, headache, hypertension, hypokalemia. The herb is to be used with caution in elderly patients and in those with cardiovascular and renal diseases because of their susceptibility to hypertension and congestive heart failure." In comparison to these two books out of my library of maybe thirty texts of this sort (including journal articles), Tyler’s article is seriously lacking. On the issue of this particular horror story of Tyler’s, let’s look at "The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine," by Mowrey. Under Appendix A, there is an article on licorice toxicity, which notes (paraphrased): 1. Licorice candy from Europe contains licorice _EXTRACT_, which can cause potassium depletion in sensitive individuals–but the damage is completely reversible right up to actual death from extreme excess consumption. 2. Licorice Extract-Containing Laxatives can cause potassium depletion in sensitive individuals. The idea of using licorice _EXTRACT_ as a laxative is foolish. 3. Carbenoxolone Sodium-containing ulcer medications–highly concentrated _EXTRACT_, and can cause problems. or otherwise prepared) has not poisoned WHOLE licorice root has NEVER caused toxicity. Now, I am not supporting Yogi Tea company, but neither am I howling at the rooftops about some great risk this product supposedly poses if you decide to live on it. This product does not contain licorice extract, so it is doubtful whether anyone could get a sufficient dose to have a problem, and the special danger groups have no business drinking such teas to begin with. In a traditional formula, the daily dose of WHOLE, UNEXTRACTED licorice is probably somewhere around 200 mg. I don’t think that is any risk to anyone. There are much bigger fish to fry on every single drug store shelf. The dangers of diet pills is a million times greater than this slight danger.

Response:

I would like to give my strong DIS-recommendation to herbs from the Yogi Tea company.  I’m fairly pissed right now because my husband went out and bought a box of their Ginsing N-R-G tea yesterday.  From the name, most people would conclude that this tea gives you energy (N_R_G = energy. get it?)  Many herbal tea companies, such as Celestial Seasonings, are careful only to put safe herbs in the teas they sell in regular stores.   But not the Yogi Tea guys. This tea contains licorice root.  Licorice root is safe in low dosages, but at high levels can kill people.  Most herbalists I know will tell you that licorice root should be used only under supervision.  NOWHERE on the box is any indication that the tea should not be taken more than x times per day.  In fact, on the side of the box is a little panel saying that ayurveda doesn’t promote the use of  stimulants so they don’t use any, and that it works as a ‘tonic’ by strengthening ‘underlying vitality’.   In other words, a person who didn’t know anything at all about herbs could conclude that you could drink this tea as strong as you wished and as often as you wished, and because it  doesn’t contain any nasty stimulants, nothing bad would happen to you. Frankly, I’ll take coffee any day over licorice root.         Shrine of the Cybernetic Madonna BBS  213-766-1356 "The board that Hates Rush Limbaugh *and* Newt Gingrich With A Passion"  * Origin: Medical System Munich – medsys.muc.d

Response:

: I strongly recommend _The Honest Herbal_ by Varro Tyler to anyone : who is considering or using herbal medicines.  It is the one herb : book that I have every found that relies solely on scientific studies : instead of folklore *and* which provides references.   prepared) has not poisoned anyone." (quoted Let’s compare Tyler’s several stories of licorice ___EXTRACT___ candy poisoning (in candy junkies) with the reportage in "Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica" 2nd Ed., by Dan Bensky, the standard acupuncture school text. Giving just the topic headings, since I’m too lazy to type in three oversize columns of text, Bensky decribes studies on: Mineralocorticoid effect Glucocorticoid effect Treatment of Addison’s disease Treatment of diabetes insipidus Anti-inflammatory effect Treatment of chronic bronchial asthma Use as an adjunct in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis Anti-allergic effect Gastrointestinal effect Use in gastroenterology Effect on lipid metabolism Effect on jaundice Antineoplastic effect Treatment of paramyotonia congenita Detoxifying effect (which is substantial: licorice reduces toxicity of cocaine, for instance) These are a mixture of animal studies and clinical trials. They _are_ unreferenced, but that is understandable since the book is already 600 pages and $75. A more specific text, "Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica", vol. 1, by Chang, lists references for the same categories of investigation, and gives the LD100 of Gan cao (Chinese licorice) in mice as 3.6 g/kg. which is pretty damn high. Five paragraphs of other LD50 and mortality assessments of various fractions are then given, including those for guinea pigs and rabbits. Clinical studies listed include additional areas of hepatitis, eye inflammatory disease, frostbite, spasm of gastrocnemius, and purpura. Under Adverse Effect: "Large doses or long-term ingestion of a small dose of the herb produced the following reactions in 20% of the patients: edema, weak limbs, spastic numbness, dizziness, headache, hypertension, hypokalemia. The herb is to be used with caution in elderly patients and in those with cardiovascular and renal diseases because of their susceptibility to hypertension and congestive heart failure." In comparison to these two books out of my library of maybe thirty texts of this sort (including journal articles), Tyler’s article is seriously lacking. On the issue of this particular horror story of Tyler’s, let’s look at "The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine," by Mowrey. Under Appendix A, there is an article on licorice toxicity, which notes (paraphrased): 1. Licorice candy from Europe contains licorice _EXTRACT_, which can cause potassium depletion in sensitive individuals–but the damage is completely reversible right up to actual death from extreme excess consumption. 2. Licorice Extract-Containing Laxatives can cause potassium depletion in sensitive individuals. The idea of using licorice _EXTRACT_ as a laxative is foolish. 3. Carbenoxolone Sodium-containing ulcer medications–highly concentrated _EXTRACT_, and can cause problems. or otherwise prepared) has not poisoned WHOLE licorice root has NEVER caused toxicity. Now, I am not supporting Yogi Tea company, but neither am I howling at the rooftops about some great risk this product supposedly poses if you decide to live on it. This product does not contain licorice extract, so it is doubtful whether anyone could get a sufficient dose to have a problem, and the special danger groups have no business drinking such teas to begin with. In a traditional formula, the daily dose of WHOLE, UNEXTRACTED licorice is probably somewhere around 200 mg. I don’t think that is any risk to anyone. There are much bigger fish to fry on every single drug store shelf. The dangers of diet pills is a million times greater than this slight danger.  * Origin: Medical System Munich – meds

Response:

I would like to give my strong DIS-recommendation to herbs from the Yogi Tea company.  I’m fairly pissed right now because my husband went out and bought a box of their Ginsing N-R-G tea yesterday.  From the name, most people would conclude that this tea gives you energy (N_R_G = energy. get it?)  Many herbal tea companies, such as Celestial Seasonings, are careful only to put safe herbs in the teas they sell in regular stores.   But not the Yogi Tea guys. This tea contains licorice root.  Licorice root is safe in low dosages, but at high levels can kill people.  Most herbalists I know will tell you that licorice root should be used only under supervision.  NOWHERE on the box is any indication that the tea should not be taken more than x times per day.  In fact, on the side of the box is a little panel saying that ayurveda doesn’t promote the use of  stimulants so they don’t use any, and that it works as a ‘tonic’ by strengthening ‘underlying vitality’.   In other words, a person who didn’t know anything at all about herbs could conclude that you could drink this tea as strong as you wished and as often as you wished, and because it  doesn’t contain any nasty stimulants, nothing bad would happen to you. Frankly, I’ll take coffee any day over licorice root.         Shrine of the Cybernetic Madonna BBS  213-766-1356 "The board that Hates Rush Limbaugh *and* Newt Gingrich With A Passion"

Response:

In response to Camilla’s concern regarding licorice in tea: – Hide quoted text — Show quoted text -Many herbal tea companies, such as Celestial Seasonings, are careful only to put safe herbs in the teas they sell in regular stores.   But not the Yogi Tea guys. This tea contains licorice root.  Licorice root is safe in low dosages, but at high levels can kill people.  Most herbalists I know will tell you that licorice root should be used only under supervision.  NOWHERE on the box is any indication that the tea should not be taken more than x times per day.  In fact, on the side of the box is a little panel saying that ayurveda doesn’t promote the use of  stimulants so they don’t use any, and that it works as a ‘tonic’ by strengthening ‘underlying vitality’.   In other words, a person who didn’t know anything at all about herbs could conclude that you could drink this tea as strong as you wished and as often as you wished, and because it  doesn’t contain any nasty stimulants, nothing bad would happen to you. Frankly, I’ll take coffee any day over licorice root.

I’ve taken classes in herbalism and have several highly regarded books on the subject.  The only concern I’ve seen in reference to the use of licorice is that, in high and frequent doses, it can elevate blood pressure.  So folks with high blood pressure should be careful and probably use it only under a practitioner’s care.  Most people would never have any adverse reaction to licorice. Licorice is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine.  It has a variety of benefits.  It helps heal ulcers, it’s a blood detoxifier, an expectorant, a glandular tonic, and a general immune booster. I don’t know where Camilla got her information, but I think she’s misguided.  The benefits of licorice definitely outweigh any (rare) dangers involved in taking it. I’d take licorice over caffeine any day. -Bonnie  * Origin: Medical System Munic

Response:

Regarding licorice – is the toxicity rate been studied with more than reaction from people chewing tobacco, because if there was I would like to know about it.  Anyone who would poison their bodies with high dosages of tobacco (I smoke so I’m not innocent here) would be nuts to mix it with something that in high amounts or with long term use, has toxic effects.  The nicotine without the licorice causes most of the side effects that you speak of including limb paralysis from nicotine poisoning.  High blood pressure, shortness of breath, that is very common with nicotine users, be it from chewers or smokers.  The only one that I could not claim was from from tobacco use would be the electrolyte balance, although I wouldn’t totally disclaim that one either as we learn more and more about the toxicity reactions to tobacco and its constituents.  If you have any more info besides mixing with other toxic substances, let us know. —  The Phoenix Project                                              (520)571-8057  4 lines 14,400 baud           24 hours per day           Internet:pproject.com

Response:

: Regarding licorice – is the toxicity rate been studied with more than : reaction from people chewing tobacco, because if there was I would like : to know about it.  Anyone who would poison their bodies with high Yes.  There have been reported cases of poisoning from licorice candy (most candy uses anise now instead of licorice) and from herbal cough remedies containing licorice extract.  We also had a guy in here a few months ago who had a cardiac arrythmia from the tea (granted, he drank a lot of it). The dangers of tobacco do NOT include pseudoaldosteronism, which is the root problem of the blood pressure rise and the electrolyte imbalances. We are talking about a sudden dramatic rise in blood pressue that is accompanied by swelling of the face and feet and which stops when licorice is withdrawn and the electrolytes are balanced.  This type of syndrome simply is not associated with tobacco. Here is what Tyler says: "Licorice consists of the underground parts, technically the rhizone and roots of varieties of Glycyrrhiza glabra L….which possess a sweet yellow wood.  It is often called licorice root or glycyrrhiza.  The root has been used since very ancient times as a flavoring and for its expectorant and demulcent properties in the treatment of coughs and colds.(1) A very confusing situation exists concerning much so-called licorice candy.  A great deal of it contains little or no licorice whatsoever, but derives its flavor from anise oil.  The taste of licorice and anise do resemble one another, but in other respects, including potential toxicity, they are quite different.  It is unfortunate the more common, harmless anise flavor is almost always referred to as licorice. [deleted stuff] Much of the sweetness of licorice is due to glycyrrhizin, also known as glycyrrhizic acid, a saponin glycoside which occurs in the root in concentrations averaging between 5 and 9%.  It is about 50 times sweeter than sugar and is available commercially in a form known as ammoniated glycyrrhizin. During World War II, a Dutch physician noted that adminstration of licorice extract produced marked improvement in patients suffering from peptic ulcer, but serious side effects in the form of swelling of the face and limbs were also observed.(2)  Since then, numerous reports of toxic effects have been recorded in the medical literature based on the observation of patients who ate large amounts of livorice candy over long periods of time.  One man who had eaten two or three 36-gram licorice candy bars daily for six to seven years became so weak he could not get out of bed.  He required hospitalization with intensive treatment for more than one month before recovering.(3)  Another person, previously in excellent health, ate 700 grams (about 1.5 pounds) of licorice candy in a nine-day period.  HIs condition necessitated four days of hospital treatment(4).  In a controlled experiment, about 100 to 200 grans of licorice twists, (equivalent to 0.7 to 1.4 grans of glycyrrhizin) eaten daily for periods of one to four weeks produced serious symptoms in a group of volunteers. (5) Another interesting case involved an elderly man who chewed eight to twelve 3-ounce bags of chewing tobacco daily and swallowed the saliva produced.  He became so weak that he was unable to sit up or raise his arms above the horizontal position.  There was a prompt improvement when he was hospitalized and denied chewing tobacco.  Tests revealed that the brand he had been consuming contained more than 8% of licorice paste and that his usage amounted to between 0.88 and 1.33 grams of glycryyhizin per day, well within the toxic range.(6) The medical literature refers to this condition as pseudoaldosteronism, meaning one similar to that brought about by excessive secretion of the adrenal cortex hormone, aldosterone.  In the case of licorice, the syndrome is caused by glycyrrhizin, the structure and physiological effects of which are related to aldosterone or desoxycorticosterone.   Symptoms resulting from excessive quantities include headache, lethargy, sodium and water retention, excessive excretion of potassium, high blood pressure and even heart failure or cardiac arrest. (7) One popular herbal cough remedy contains 1 ounce of licorice root in a quart of water.  Directions suggest that one-half pint be drunk at bedtime with additional quantities as needed. (8).  The half-pint dose could easily contain 0.5 gram of glycyrrhizin, and that daily amount might be doubled or tripled, depending on the fequency of use.  At that rate of consumption, toxic effects could observed after a single week.   For persons suffering from high blood pressure or heart trouble, these could be serious. Although licorice does have a flavor pleasing to many and may also have some utility in treating coughs as well as a number of other conditions, (9), it must be remembered that it is also a potent drug.  Large doses over extended periods of time are quite toxic. (10)" References: 1.  V..E. Tyler, L.R. brady, and J.E. Roberrs: Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed. Lea     & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988, pp 68-69 2.  C. Nieman: Chemist and Druggist 177: 741-745; 1962 3.  J.W. Conn, D.R. Rovner; and E.L. Cohen: Journal of the American     Medical Assn 205: 492-496, 1968 4.  T. J. Chamberlain: ibid 213: 1343, 1970 5.  M.T. Epstein, E.A. Espiner, R.A.Donald, and H.Hughes: British Medical     Journal 1: 488-490, 1977 6.  J.D.Blachley and J..P. Knochel: New England Journal of Medicine     302:784-785, 1980 7.  Anon: Medical Letter on Drugs and Theraputics 21(7); 30 1979 8.  R.C. Wren and R.W. Wren: Potter’s New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs     and Preparations, New Ed, Health Science Press, Hengiscote, England, 1975 9.  R.F Chandler: Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal 118: 420-424, 1985 10.  Lawrence Review of Natural Products, June, 1989. I strongly recommend _The Honest Herbal_ by Varro Tyler to anyone who is considering or using herbal medicines.  It is the one herb book that I have every found that relies solely on scientific studies instead of folklore *and* which provides references.  Tyler himself has impressive credentials, being a tenured professor of pharmacognosy (the branch of pharmacy that deals with herbal medicine) in the school of pharmacy at Purdue University.  The ISBN # is 1-56024-287-6 and it is published by the Haworth Press, 10 Alice Street, Binghamton NY 13904-1580.  It is in print, costs about $20 and I got mine through a regular bookstore which special ordered it for me. —         Shrine of the Cybernetic Madonna BBS  213-766-1356 "The board that Hates Rush Limbaugh *and* Newt Gingrich With A Passion"

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